KNOW THE UNIVERSE - Curve space

KNOW THE UNIVERSE - Curve space


Time and space seem to us to be very rigid, universal values that are the same everywhere. It seems that in every place of our Universe time should pass the same way, and all objects should be the same as whatever place in the universe. For this we consider the time and space in quite different terms, it's hard to think that they have anything in common physically. Ava GardnerThe "Discover the Universe - Einstein's Time" described an Albert Einstein, who challenged those beliefs. Special theory of relativity (proven in many experiments) showed that space and time are relative, which means that not the same everywhere. Not only that, form a single product of four-dimensional (three spatial dimensions and one time dimension) - spacetime. Any relative changes cause relative changes over time and vice versa. In other words, if at some point the time for some reason runs at a different pace, and this space will be distorted in this space. Distorted? What is it? - Already, the moment.Greta Garbo
Well, before we get to the distortion, or rather the curvature of space, let us return to consideration of gravity. As we know, a genius, an excellent mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton (born in 1642 in England) discovered the law of universal gravitation. Formulated the equations that quantitatively determine the magnitude of the force between two bodies. This was the law applicable in predicting the motion of planets around the Sun, the Moon around the Earth, setting off rockets into space, moving the ball in the air kopniętej or flight ski jumper. The success of Newton's theory is great, and the usefulness of equations described by him is enormous. However, the description of the gravity of this truly great scientist was incomplete (of which Newton was aware of).Aretha Franklin This description does not explain what gravity. How is it that two of the body, physically separated from each other, located at a distance of many millions of miles, affecting each other in their movement? What is this power of attracting and why there?
It took a long time before another genius, known to us all, Albert Einstein, created the general theory of relativity, explaining that up riddle. This theory not only filled a gap in Newton's theory, but completely changed the current view of gravity. Was developed a new theory of gravitation, which accurately describes the phenomenon of those who reveals some secrets of our Universe. That is what is gravity?Jodie Foster
Einstein observed that simulates the effect of accelerated motion of the gravitational force. Accelerating the car feel like an indentation force us into an armchair. Similarly, in the accelerating elevator (the running for the top) floor feel increasing pressure on the foot. Completely, as if gravity has increased. Imagine a spacecraft that flies a constant speed in space. In the midst of such a vessel there is a state of inertia - there is no attraction. In this state, floating freely, the notion of the mountains, or down would be absolutely relative. In the case of reversal of 180 degrees did not odczuwalibyśmy that we are upside down because the top down or not wyznaczałaby no force of attraction. But at a time when our ship would accelerate, then odczulibyśmy that we fall on the wall toward the direction of acceleration of our ship. Jane FondaIt's like someone just turned on gravity acting on the side of the vessel. If the acceleration for some time has been fixed and would be equal to the Earth's gravitational acceleration, we stand on the wall of that and go the same way as the surface of our planet. In this way, we have created "artificial gravity". As you can see the laws of nature in the accelerating system are equivalent to those in a gravitational field. This simple statement is called the Einstein equivalence principle. (puzzle: Imagine the following situation: We're going fast car and keep on a string balloon filled with helium, the car suddenly turns sharply left. Where is the balloon move? The answer is at the end)Ella Fitzgerald
I recall that an object accelerates if it changes either speed or direction of its movement. So the movement can be accelerated if the direction of movement when the object is changed, but its speed remains constant, such as a circle. If we were tottering on the wheel as the carousel, czulibyśmy centrifugal repulsion from the center of rotation. If it was limited near the wall running along the circumference and were moving around quite quickly, have thought at that wall and pressing her zostalibyśmy. Now imagine that our whirling wheel is somewhere in outer space. At a suitable speed centrifugation could get exactly the same strength of the centrifugal acceleration, and acceleration of gravity. Then pressing the wall czulibyśmy exactly the same way as we now put on the floor in our room. We could also get up and go to the wall, reeling after a full circle around the circumference as though we passed on the floor in our room. In fact, space stations designed in such a way that turning to produce "artificial gravity". But what is gravity and what it all has a common space-time? Longer time.Gloria Estefan
Remember changing the properties of time and space objects that are moving toward us (see Student Universe - Einstein's Time). At the wheel kręcącym time will vary depending on how far from the center of the wheel will be measured. On the perimeter will be the fastest speed, so there will be time passed slowly. To this if we wanted the ruler to measure the circumference of a circle kręcącego and compared the results of measuring the radius multiplied by 2pi obtain different values (circumference measured directly ruler will be greater than the circumference of the formula calculated from the measured radius by us). Or 2 pi r of this circle is not equal to its circumference. Is this possible? After all, the outcome of these calculations used since ancient times contradicts Euclidean geometry. But it is possible a situation in which 2pi r is not equal to the circumference of the circle, in which the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees different from where the two parallel lines will intersect. How is this possible? Probably many of you knows the answer.Isadora Duncan Enough data to draw geometric figures on the curved surface. For example, on the surface of a ball - circle drawn on it will have a smaller circumference than the score indicates, the model of Euclidean geometry (2 pi r), the sum of the angles in a triangle will be greater than 180 degrees, and two parallel lines drawn will be cut. Simply Euclidean geometry refers to flat surfaces, curved surfaces, this geometry is not working. What this proposal? In our case we kręcącego wheel because different values of the circuit and the time since there was a curvature of space (of course with just a circle kręcącym spacetime curvature effect is so small that it is not noticeable at all, it would be very high spin speed, where the centrifugal acceleration would be quite significant).Phyllis Diller Given that gravity and accelerated motion can not be distinguished, as well - that the accelerated movement is linked to the curvature of spacetime Einstein concluded that gravity is nothing like curvature of spacetime.
To better illustrate this yourself, imagine that spacetime is a stretched canvas. When we put on her ball, canvas bow in this spot. Depending on the massiveness of the sphere, respectively rise to a deep crater. Analogy is with the compression space by an object such as the Sun. Similarly, the ball curving canvas, so the sun bends spacetime. When a smaller and lighter object will be created by the hole starts to roll the ball toward the ball, but had moved with a certain, constant speed on the curve created a funnel around the globe, would remain the same distance from it, because the speed of a centrifugal destructive stoczenie of the object on the ball, and the deflection of our cloth would fail to reject the object outside its path of movement. Same with the spinning Earth around the Sun. Sun, "keeps" Earth and other planets in the curvature of space.Marlene Dietrich The Earth does not fall out of orbit around the sun, nor falls on them, because going after the curved structure of space. This is what gravity. Each object of any mass bends spacetime, and the more it is massive, the greater the curvature causes (the greater is its gravity). Our example of the canvas, but rather illustrative, however, is not the best. It must be remembered that the two-dimensional piece of cloth hides a three-dimensional space and time together. Zobrazujmy even the same space. If we see (of course in memory) the ball curving plane (like a ball placed on stretched canvas), then Let us draw a second plane perpendicular to this, and cut that up the ball. This second plane is curved in the same way by our ball - we see it? Any plane that will carry out at any angle to the first plane crossing the globe, will be the same bent. Surely, our imagination is put to great test because it comes to this, so imagine the curvature of our three-dimensional space in which we live.Ellen DeGeneres This is of course impossible, we can not imagine it because we think more than three spatial dimensions, and here we would have to enter the fourth dimension of space, to illustrate the compression of three-dimensional space. Like the two-dimensional sheet (ignoring its thickness) needs the third dimension (top or bottom) so it zakrzywić.
New picture of Einstein gravity contained in his general theory of relativity has been verified experimentally. Light the stars behind the shield of the sun runs on the curve that creates a sun space, so you can see the star that up. The first experience of this type have already been done in 1919 (in 1915, the general theory of relativity has been officially announced) during the solar eclipse with a precision (for those days) photos. Einstein once again gave proof of his great genius. Of course, in conjunction with the sun bends space or time. The closer to the Sun, the time is slowly passed. However, these time differences are so small that they can detect it only atomic clocks (which also has been done to verify).Bette Davis
General relativity starts to be important in the case of very massive objects, and correspondingly large zakrzywień space. Most zakrzywiającym spacetime we know what the object is a black hole - the final stage of some celebrities. Black hole bends space-time so that everything will fall into the "trap" is not able to escape, even light. But the black holes will be in another part of the "Student Universe".

The answer to the riddle: During this turn drive our bodies are discarded in the right side, while the balloon moves to the left. Why? Well, centrifugal acceleration will work exactly the same as if gravity has been included on the right side of the car, so the balloon moves in the opposite direction of gravity. Did not work so balloons filled with helium gas or another light? All in accordance with the principle of equivalence (do not believe me? - Check).